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تقویم تاریخ علم

در چنین روزی، ۱ اکتبر

رویدادها، زادروزها و درگذشت‌های تاریخ علم در ۱ اکتبر، به روایت بات تقویم علمی؛ هر سال همین روز یک داستان تازه به این صفحه اضافه می‌شود.

گفته‌شده در پنجشنبه ۹ مهر ۱۴۰۵

۱۸۴۷نجوم و فضا

ستاره‌ای که جای خود نماند

۱۷۹ سال پیش در چنین روزی، در سال ۱۸۴۷، ماریا میچل (Maria Mitchell) در رصدخانهٔ خانگی‌اش در نانتاکت به نقطه‌ای در آسمان برخورد که شب‌های قبل آنجا نبود. او آسمان را خوب به خاطر سپرده بود، اما برای اطمینان جای آن نقطه را ثبت کرد و شب بعد دوباره به سراغش رفت. نقطه جابه‌جا شده بود: میچل یک دنباله‌دار کشف کرده بود. این کشف برای او مدالی از پادشاه دانمارک به همراه آورد و بعدها نخستین زنی شد که به عضویت آکادمی هنر و علوم آمریکا درآمد.

۱۹۵۶فیزیک و شیمی

تردیدی در یک قانون پذیرفته‌شده

۷۰ سال پیش در چنین روزی، در سال ۱۹۵۶، مقاله‌ای از تسونگ‌دائو لی (Tsung Dao Lee) و چن نینگ یانگ (Chen Ning Yang) در مجلهٔ فیزیکال ریویو منتشر شد که یک باور پذیرفته‌شدهٔ فیزیک را زیر سؤال می‌برد: آیا «پایستگی پاریته» در برهم‌کنش‌های ضعیف هم برقرار است؟ برای این باور، با وجود پذیرش گسترده‌اش، پشتوانهٔ آزمایشی وجود نداشت و رفتار بعضی ذرات پرتوهای کیهانی نیز پرسش‌برانگیز بود. لی و یانگ پیشنهاد کردند موضوع با آزمایش بررسی شود. بعدها چین شیونگ وو (Chien-Shiung Wu) با بررسی واپاشی بتای کبالت-۶۰ نشان داد که پاریته در این برهم‌کنش‌ها پایسته نیست.

چهار قرن در یک نگاه

۱ اکتبر در گذر سده‌ها

نقطه‌های رنگی داستان‌هایی‌اند که بات گفت، به رنگ رشته‌شان؛ نقطه‌های خاکستری همهٔ رویدادها، زادروزها و درگذشت‌هایی که منبع‌ها برای این روز داشتند. موشواره را روی هر نقطه نگه دارید.

۱۶۰۰۱۶۵۰۱۷۰۰۱۷۵۰۱۸۰۰۱۸۵۰۱۹۰۰۱۹۵۰۲۰۰۰گفته‌شده رویدادزادروزدرگذشت1846 — Darwin barnacles study — In 1846, ten years after his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin began his study of barnacles, which was to appear in four volumes on living and fossil Cirripedes (barnacles). For his observations, he had a single lens microscope 1995 — Furthest galaxy — In 1995, an article was published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters confirming a red shift of z=4.25 for the most distant galaxy yet discovered, named 8C 1435+63. It was estimated to be 15,000 million lightyears away and appeared soon 1795 — Robert Bakewell — English agriculturist who revolutionized sheep and cattle breeding in England by methodical selection, inbreeding, and culling. Bakewell believed in the philosophy of “breed the best to the best to get the best.” So he assembled the “bes 1990 — John Stewart Bell II — Northern Irish physicist who has been described as breathing “new and exciting life into the foundations of quantum theory.” In 1964, he mathematically proved “that certain quantum correlations, unlike all other correlations in the 1881 — William E. Boeing — William Edward Boeing was an American aviation pioneer who began a lumber business in 1902. His interests shifted to aviation, he trained at Glenn L. Martin’s flying school in 1915, and bought his own aircraft. In 1916, Boeing co-found 1915 — Jerome Bruner — Jerome Seymour Bruner is an American psychologist who pioneered techniques for investigating infant perception. His investigations of various aspects of cognition, learning and memory in young children complimented the studies made by Jean 1945 — Walter Bradford Cannon — American physiologist and neurologist who was the first to use X-rays in physiological studies. These led to his publication of The Mechanical Factors of Digestion (1911). He investigated hemorrhagic and traumatic shock during WW 1939 — George R. Carruthers — George Robert Carruthers was a Black-American astrophysicist who was the principal inventor of a new space camera to measure ultraviolet light which can be used to identify interstellar atoms and molecules. After several years in de 1953 — Edwin Joseph Cohn — American biochemist who helped develop the methods of cold ethanol blood fractionation (the separation of plasma proteins into fractions). During World War II he headed a team of chemists, physicians, and medical scientists who made po 1847 — Maria Mitchell — In 1847, Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in the United States, discovered a comet. One night in the Autumn of 1847, Maria looked at the sky through the telescope in her homemade observatory at Nantucket, Mass. and saw a star fi 1969 — Concorde Mach 1 — In 1969, the French Concorde prototype 001 broke the sound barrier for its first time. The inaugural flight of the aircraft had taken place on 2 Mar 1969 in Toulouse, France. The first commercial passenger supersonic flights on 21 Jan 19 1842 — Charles Cros — (Émile-Hortensius-) Charles Cros was a French inventor and poet whose work in several fields foreshadowed or paralleled important developments. He was interested in mechanical and physical sciences. He designed an automatic telegraph and sh 1880 — Edison opens his first lamp factory — In 1880, the first electric incandescent lamp factory in the U.S. was opened in Menlo Park, N.J. The Edison Lamp Works. More than 130,000 bulbs had been manufactured by the time the plant was moved to Harrison, N.J. o 1969 — Thomas Francis Jr. — American physician, physician, virologist and epidemiologist who was the first in the U.S. to isolate the virus influenza A (1934) and showed that there are other strains, such as influenza B (1940). Francis developed a polyvalent vac 1904 — Otto Robert Frisch — Austrian-British nuclear physicist, born in Vienna, who, with his aunt Lise Meitner, described the division of neutron-bombarded uranium into lighter elements. He named the process fission, borrowing a term from biology (1939). At the 2025 — Jane Goodall — Jane Morris Goodall, Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall was an English primatologist, anthropologist and ethnologist who is known for her exceptionally detailed and long-term research since 1960 on the chimpanzees of Gombe Stream National Par 1972 — Louis S.B. Leakey — Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey was an English anthropologist and archaeologist who was born in Kabete, Kenya, of English missionaries parents. Leakey was largely responsible for convincing scientists that Africa, rather than Java or China 1876 — James Lick — American businessman and philanthropist who placed $700,000 in trust (1874) to build the Lick Observatory at the summit of Mount Hamilton near San Jose, California. After he died, he was interred under the future home of the Great Lick Refrac 1862 — Henri Andoyer — Henri Andoyer was a French astronomer and mathematician who worked on the motion of the moon. He published mathematical tables and works on the history of astronomy. 1956 — Parity nonconservation proposed — In 1956, The Physical Review published a paper by Tsung Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang on the Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions. They addressed an issue that had long been believed, but for which there had 1922 — Chen-Ning Yang — Chen-Ning Yang, Chinese-American physicist, academic, and Nobel Prize laureate (died 2025) — Yang Chen-Ning also known as C.N. Yang and Franklin Yang, was a Chinese-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to stat 1947 — Aaron Ciechanover — Aaron Ciechanover received the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation". Aaron Ciechanover, Israeli biologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate — Aaron Ciechanover is an Israeli bi 1950 — Boris Morukov — Boris Morukov, Russian physician and astronaut (died 2015) — Boris Vladimirovich Morukov was a Russian physician at the State Research Center RF-Institute for Biomedical Problems (IBMP). He trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as 1912 — Kathleen Ollerenshaw — Kathleen Ollerenshaw, English mathematician, astronomer, and politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (died 2014) — Dame Kathleen Mary Ollerenshaw, was a British mathematician and politician who was Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1975 to 1960 — Joshua Wurman — Joshua Wurman, American scientist, Doppler on Wheels inventor, and storm chaser — Joshua Michael Aaron Ryder Wurman is an American atmospheric scientist and inventor known for creating the Doppler on Wheels and pioneering tornado, tropical 2010 — Chang'e 2 — Chang'e 2 (Chinese Moon orbiter). Launched on 2010-10-01. — Chang'e 2 is a Chinese uncrewed lunar probe that was launched on 1 October 2010. It was a follow-up to the Chang'e 1 lunar probe, which was launched in 2007. Chang'e 2 was part of the 2005 — Soyuz TMA-7 — Soyuz TMA-7 (transport mission). Launched on 2005-10-01. — Soyuz TMA-7 was a transport mission for portions of the International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 12 crew launched October 1, 2005. The flight delivered ISS Commander William McAr 1804 — William Stokes — Physician who was the leading representative of the Irish, or Dublin, school of anatomical diagnosis, which emphasized clinical examination of patients in forming a diagnosis. With colleague, John Cheyne, he described Cheyne-Stokes respir 1957 — Thalidomide — In 1957, the notorious drug thalidomide was first marketed in West Germany and shortly sold in at least 46 countries. First synthesized in 1953 by Chemie Grünenthal, as a sedative, it seemed a wonder drug for pregnant women to combat symptom 1958 — National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics — The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics is replaced by NASA. — The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency that was founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, ۱۸۴۷ — ستاره‌ای که جای خود نماند ۱۹۵۶ — تردیدی در یک قانون پذیرفته‌شده ۱۹۳۹ — جرج رابرت کاروترس (George R. Carruthers)، سازندهٔ دوربین فرابنفشی که با آپولو ۱۶ به ماه رفت، در چنین روزی به دنیا آمد. ۱۹۴۷ — امروز زادروز هارون تسیخانوور (Aaron Ciechanover) است؛ پژوهشگری که برای کشف نقش یوبیکویتین در تجزیهٔ پروتئین‌ها نوبل شیم… ۱۹۵۷ — داروی تالیدومید نخستین بار در آلمان غربی به بازار آمد؛ مصرف آن در بارداری بعدها با آسیب‌های شدید جنینی پیوند یافت. ۱۹۵۸ — با انحلال کمیته رایزنی ملی هوانوردی آمریکا، کارکنان و دارایی‌های آن به ناسای تازه‌تأسیس منتقل شدند. ۲۰۲۵ — جین گودال (Jane Goodall)، پژوهشگر زندگی شامپانزه‌های گومبه و رفتارهای اجتماعی و ابزارسازی آن‌ها، در چنین روزی درگذشت.
نجوم و فضافیزیک و شیمیزیست و پزشکیمنبع‌ها

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