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در چنین روزی، ۵ اکتبر

امسال ۱۳ مهر

رویدادها، زادروزها و درگذشت‌های تاریخ علم در ۵ اکتبر، از کهنه به تازه، به روایت بات تقویم علمی؛ هر سال همین روز داستان تازه‌ای به این صفحه اضافه می‌شود.

۱۸۸۲نجوم و فضا · زادروز · ۱۳ مهر ۱۲۶۱

از آزمایش موشک تا رؤیای فضا

۱۴۴ سال پیش در چنین روزی، در سال ۱۸۸۲، رابرت گدارد (Robert Goddard) به دنیا آمد؛ فیزیک‌دان و مهندسی که بعدها او را «پدر موشک‌سازی نوین» خواندند. او از نوجوانی به موشک‌ها علاقه داشت و در ۱۹۰۸، موشک‌های کوچک سوخت جامد را در آزمایش‌های ثابت آزمود. سپس نظریهٔ ریاضی پیشرانش موشک را پروراند و نشان داد موشک می‌تواند در خلأ هم کار کند؛ نکته‌ای اساسی برای پرواز فضایی. در ۱۹۲۶ نخستین موشک سوخت مایع خود را آزمایش کرد و طی دو دههٔ بعد، موشک‌های بزرگ‌تری ساخت. هنگام مرگ، ۲۱۴ ثبت اختراع در زمینهٔ موشک‌سازی داشت.

۱۹۷۶فیزیک و شیمی · درگذشت · ۱۳ مهر ۱۳۵۵

نظمی در فرایندهای برگشت‌ناپذیر

درست ۵۰ سال پیش در چنین روزی، در سال ۱۹۷۶، لارس اونزاگر (Lars Onsager) درگذشت؛ شیمی‌دانی که نظریه‌ای کلی برای فرایندهای شیمیایی برگشت‌ناپذیر پرورانده بود. روابطی که نام او را گرفتند، برای ترمودینامیک این فرایندها بنیادی‌اند و کاربردهای گسترده‌ای دارند؛ همین کشف جایزهٔ نوبل شیمی را برایش آورد. کار او به شیمی محدود نماند: در ۱۹۴۴ راه‌حل دقیقی برای مدل دوبعدی آیزینگ، مدلی از یک مادهٔ فرومغناطیس، به دست آورد. این دستاورد ریاضی به فهم عمیق‌تر گذارهای فازی و نقاط بحرانی کمک کرد؛ جایی که رفتار ماده دگرگون می‌شود.

رویدادهای دیگر این روز

  • ۱۸۸۰ویلیام لاسل (William Lassell)، کاشف تریتون و دو قمر اورانوس، در چنین روزی درگذشت.
  • ۱۹۹۶سیمور کری (Seymour Cray)، طراح رایانه‌های پرسرعت و ابررایانهٔ کری-۱، در چنین روزی درگذشت.
  • ۲۰۰۴سالروز درگذشت موریس ویلکینز (Maurice Wilkins) است؛ پژوهش‌های پراش پرتو ایکس او به تعیین ساختار مولکولی دی‌ان‌ای کمک کرد.

چهار قرن در یک نگاه

۵ اکتبر در گذر سده‌ها

نقطه‌های رنگی داستان‌هایی‌اند که بات گفت، به رنگ رشته‌شان؛ نقطه‌های خاکستری همهٔ رویدادها، زادروزها و درگذشت‌هایی که منبع‌ها برای این روز داشتند. موشواره را روی هر نقطه نگه دارید.

۱۶۰۰۱۶۵۰۱۷۰۰۱۷۵۰۱۸۰۰۱۸۵۰۱۹۰۰۱۹۵۰۲۰۰۰گفته‌شده رویدادزادروزدرگذشت1882 — Giorgio Abetti — Italian astronomer known for his studies of the sun at the University of Padua where was director at the Arcetri Observatory (1921-52), taking over from his father who also held the post (1894-1921). In 1913, Giorgio Abetti took part, as 1883 — Joachim Barrande — French geologist and paleontologist. He settled in Prague (1832), at first as an engineer. While surveying the proposed route for a horse-drawn railway, he became interested in the local fossil-bearing rocks there. From 1840, he turned 1781 — Bernhard Bolzano — Czech mathematician and theologian who made significant contributions to both mathematics and the theory of knowledge. He provided a more detailed proof for the binomial theorem in 1816 and suggested the means of distinguishing between 1925 — Sir Malcolm Brown — English geologist who won a worldwide reputation for his contributions to petrology and was one of the few scientists outside America to be invited by NASA to work on the samples of lunar rock brought back by the Apollo 11 mission. Fro 1889 — Dirk Coster — Dutch physicist who (working with Georg von Hevesy) discovered the element hafnium by skillfully applying Henry Moseley's method of X-ray analysis to distinguish the spectral lines of hafnium, despite the distraction of some extraneous lines 1996 — Seymour R. Cray — Seymour Roger Cray was an American electronics engineer who is called “the father of supercomputing” as the preeminent designer of large, high-speed computers. In 1957, he helped start Control Data Corporation (CDC), where he built the t 1911 — Pierre Dansereau — French-Canadian plant ecologist who was a pioneer in the study of the dynamics of forests. As his ideas in ecological concepts evolved, he become the first to treat urban and human ecology, in the modern human environment. He introduced 1565 — Lodovico Ferrari — Italian mathematician who was the first to find an algebraic solution to the biquadratic, or quartic, equation (an algebraic equation that contains the fourth power of the unknown quantity but no higher power). Lodovico Ferrari, Itali 1882 — Robert Goddard — Robert Hutchings Goddard was an American physicist, rocket engineer and inventor known as the “father of modern rocketry.” From age 17, Goddard was interested in rockets (1899) and by 1908 he conducted static tests with small solid-fuel r 1929 — Richard F. Gordon Jr. — Richard Francis (“Dick”) Gordon, Jr. is an American astronaut and pilot who was picked by NASA in Oct 1963 as one of the third group of astronauts. On 12 Sep 1966, he piloted the three-day Gemini XI mission, executed docking maneuv 1921 — Mahlon Bush Hoagland — American biochemist who helped discover transfer RNA. 1880 — William Lassell — English astronomer who was an amateur with enough wealth to set up an observatory at Starfield, near Liverpool. England, He built his own 24" diameter telescope, and devised steam-driven equipment for grinding an polishing the speculum m 1732 — Nevil Maskelyne — Nevil Maskelyne was an English astronomer who measured the Earth's density in a famous experiment at Schiehallion. 1976 — Lars Onsager — Norwegian-born American chemist whose development of a general theory of irreversible chemical processes gained him the 1968 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. These Onsager reciprocal relations have importance in a wide range of applications. Thro 1930 — Pavel Popovich — Pavel Romanovich Popovich was a Soviet cosmonaut who piloted the Vostok 4 spacecraft, launched 12 Aug 1962. He and Andriyan G. Nikolayev, who was launched a day earlier in Vostok 3, became the first two men to be in space simultaneously. 2022 — SpaceX Crew-5 — SpaceX Crew-5 (NASA Commercial Crew Program mission to the International Space Station). Launched on 2022-10-05. — SpaceX Crew-5 was the fifth operational NASA Commercial Crew Program flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the eighth over 1958 — Neil deGrasse Tyson — Neil deGrasse Tyson, American astrophysicist, cosmologist, and author — Neil deGrasse Tyson is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. Tyson studied at Harvard University, the University of Texas at Austin, and 1966 — Sean M. Carroll — Sean M. Carroll, American physicist, cosmologist, and academic — Sean Michael Carroll is an American theoretical physicist who specializes in quantum mechanics, cosmology, and the philosophy of science. He is the Homewood Professor of Na 1942 — Dorothea Klumpke — Dorothea Klumpke, American astronomer (born 1861) — Dorothea Klumpke Roberts was an American astronomer. In 1893, she became the first woman to earn a doctorate degree at the Sorbonne University. She joined the Paris Observatory where h 1958 — André Kuipers — André Kuipers, Dutch physician and astronaut — André Kuipers is a Dutch physician and ESA astronaut. He became the second Dutch citizen, third Dutch-born and fifth Dutch-speaking astronaut upon launch of Soyuz TMA-4 on 19 April 2004. Kuipe 1984 — STS-41-G — STS-41-G (human spaceflight). Launched on 1984-10-05. — STS-41-G was the 13th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger. Challenger launched on October 5, 1984, and conducted the second shuttle land 1967 — Clifton Williams — Clifton Williams, American astronaut (born 1932) — Clifton Curtis Williams Jr., was an American naval aviator, test pilot, mechanical engineer, major in the United States Marine Corps, and NASA astronaut, who was killed in a plane crash 2021 — Soyuz MS-19 — Soyuz MS-19 (Russian crewed mission to the ISS). Launched on 2021-10-05. — Soyuz MS-19 was a Soyuz spaceflight which launched on 5 October 2021, at 08:55:02 UTC. It was the 147th flight of a crewed Soyuz spacecraft. The launching crew consis 1982 — Rocket sled speed record — In 1982, an unmanned rocket sled reached a record 9,851 kph or 6,121 mph (Mach 8) over the 9.5 mile-long rail track at White Sands Missile Test Base, New Mexico. 1879 — Peyton Rous — {np] whose discovery of cancer-inducing viruses earned him a share of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1966. Rous joined the Rockefeller Institute in New York as a pathologist in 1909. The same year, a local farmer brought a chi 1777 — Johann Andreas von Segner — German physicist and mathematician who recognized the surface tension of liquids. He discovered that every solid body has 3 axes of symmetry. He used Daniel Bernoulli's theoretical work on the “reaction effect” to produce a hor 1923 — Cepheid variable star — In 1923, Edwin Hubble identified the first Cepheid variable star. 2004 — Maurice Wilkins — Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins was a New Zealand-born British biophysicist, whose X-ray diffraction studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were significant in the determination of the molecular structure of DNA accomplished by James Wats 1984 — Marc Garneau — Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space. — Joseph Jean-Pierre Marc Garneau was a Canadian Armed Forces officer, astronaut and politician. Garneau served as a naval officer before being selected as an astronaut as part of the 1983 N 1905 — Wrights' third airplane — In 1905, Orville and Wilbur Wright established a new world airplane flight record with their third powered aircraft. Orville flew the Flyer III a distance of 24.2 miles (38.9-km) in just over 38 minutes at Dayton, Ohio. This was ۱۸۸۲ — از آزمایش موشک تا رؤیای فضا ۱۹۷۶ — نظمی در فرایندهای برگشت‌ناپذیر ۱۸۸۰ — ویلیام لاسل (William Lassell)، کاشف تریتون و دو قمر اورانوس، در چنین روزی درگذشت. ۱۹۹۶ — سیمور کری (Seymour Cray)، طراح رایانه‌های پرسرعت و ابررایانهٔ کری-۱، در چنین روزی درگذشت. ۲۰۰۴ — سالروز درگذشت موریس ویلکینز (Maurice Wilkins) است؛ پژوهش‌های پراش پرتو ایکس او به تعیین ساختار مولکولی دی‌ان‌ای کمک کرد.
نجوم و فضافیزیک و شیمیزیست و پزشکیریاضی و فناوریمنبع‌ها۱ داستان پیش از ۱۶۰۰ در لبهٔ چپ

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تقویم علمی تاریخ @onthisday_arefi_bot: تاریخ علم در همین روز، از Today in Science History، ویکی‌پدیا، ویکی‌داده، MacTutor و بنیاد نوبل: یکی دو رویداد مهم با شرح کامل، با اولویت نجوم و فضا، مرور کوتاه چند روید… رایگان، برای خودتان، گروه یا کانالتان.