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تقویم تاریخ علم

در چنین روزی، ۲ اکتبر

رویدادها، زادروزها و درگذشت‌های تاریخ علم در ۲ اکتبر، به روایت بات تقویم علمی؛ هر سال همین روز یک داستان تازه به این صفحه اضافه می‌شود.

گفته‌شده در جمعه ۱۰ مهر ۱۴۰۵

۱۶۰۸نجوم و فضا

تلسکوپی که راهی آسمان شد

۴۱۸ سال پیش در چنین روزی، در سال ۱۶۰۸، یوهانس لیپرشی (Johannes Lippershey) اختراع تازه‌اش، نمونه‌ای اولیه از تلسکوپ شکستی، را به نمایندگان حکومت هلند نشان داد. لیپرشی عدسی‌سابی بود که عینک می‌ساخت. ماجرا از این مشاهده آغاز شد که اگر دو عدسی با فاصله‌های کانونی متفاوت را با فاصله جلوی چشم بگذارند، اشیای دور نزدیک‌تر به نظر می‌رسند. او عدسی‌ها را در لوله‌ای جا داد و برای اختراعش درخواست ثبت کرد. دستگاه ابتدا برای کاربرد نظامی توجه برانگیخت؛ اما وقتی گالیله از آن باخبر شد، نمونه‌ای مشابه ساخت و آن را رو به آسمان گرفت.

۱۹۱۷زیست و پزشکی

کشف بخش‌های پنهان سلول

۱۰۹ سال پیش در چنین روزی، در سال ۱۹۱۷، کریستین دو دوو (Christian de Duve) به دنیا آمد؛ زیست‌شیمی‌دانی که بعدها دو بخش مهم سلول، لیزوزوم و پراکسی‌زوم، را کشف کرد. لیزوزوم‌ها به تجزیهٔ مواد زیستی کمک می‌کنند: از مقابله با باکتری‌ها گرفته تا کنار گذاشتن اجزای فرسودهٔ خود سلول. پراکسی‌زوم‌ها نیز محل فرایندهای سوخت‌وسازیِ مرتبط با پراکسید هیدروژن‌اند. این کشف‌ها تصویری دقیق‌تر از کارهای درون سلول به دست دادند؛ جایی که هر بخش وظیفه‌ای دارد و تجزیه هم بخشی از ادامهٔ زندگی است. دو دوو برای پژوهش‌هایش دربارهٔ سازمان و کارکرد سلول، جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی و پزشکی را با دو پژوهشگر دیگر شریک شد.

چهار قرن در یک نگاه

۲ اکتبر در گذر سده‌ها

نقطه‌های رنگی داستان‌هایی‌اند که بات گفت، به رنگ رشته‌شان؛ نقطه‌های خاکستری همهٔ رویدادها، زادروزها و درگذشت‌هایی که منبع‌ها برای این روز داشتند. موشواره را روی هر نقطه نگه دارید.

۱۶۰۰۱۶۵۰۱۷۰۰۱۷۵۰۱۸۰۰۱۸۵۰۱۹۰۰۱۹۵۰۲۰۰۰گفته‌شده رویدادزادروزدرگذشت1608 — First refracting telescope — In 1608, Johannes Lippershey (c.1570-c.1619) demonstrated a new invention, the first optical (refracting) telescope - prototype of the modern telescopes - to the Netherlands States General. Lippershey was a lens grinder who fu 1853 — François Arago — Dominique François Jean Arago was a French physicist and astronomer who discovered the chromosphere of the sun (the lower atmosphere, primarily composed of hydrogen gas), and made accurate estimates of the diameters of the planets. Arago 1927 — Svante Arrhenius — Svante (August) Arrhenius was a Swedish physical chemist who was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of disso 1956 — Atomic clock — In 1956, the Atomicron, the first atomic clock in the U.S., was unveiled at the Overseas Press Club in New York City. The basis of the timing was the constant frequency of the oscillations of the caesium atom - 9,192,631,830 MHz. It was pri 2006 — George A. Bartholomew — George Adelbert "Bart" Bartholomew was an American biologist who helped establish the modern fields of comparative animal physiological ecology and behavioral physiology, and gained international renown. He strongly advocated that 1876 — Alfonso Corti — Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti was an Italian anatomist and histologist whose work on the human ear is commemorated in the name of the organ of Corti, the site of the sense of hearing in the inner ear. Pursuing his interest in the fine stru 1804 — Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot — French military engineer who invented the world's first fuel-propelled vehicle, a huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle. In 1769 he developed the first vehicle driven by a steam engine--a gun tractor commissioned by the French govern 1836 — Darwin's voyage ends — In 1836, Charles Darwin returned from his voyage on the HMS Beagle to the Pacific. It would be 23 years before he published Origin of Species. 1901 — Charles Stark Draper — American aeronautical engineer, educator, and science administrator who earned degrees from Stanford, Harvard, and MIT then, in 1939, became head of MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory, which was a centre for the design of navigational 1917 — Christian René de Duve — Belgian cytologist and biochemist who discovered lysosomes (the digestive organelles of the cell) and peroxisomes (organelles that are the site of metabolic processes involving hydrogen peroxide). Lysosomes have now been shown, by 1854 — Sir Patrick Geddes — Scottish biologist and sociologist who was one of the modern pioneers of the concept of town and regional planning. He studied under Darwin's champion, Thomas Henry Huxley. As a professor of botany, Geddes emphasized the development o 1906 — Willy Ley — German-American engineer who was a co-founder in 1927 of the German Verein für Raumschiffahrt ( “VfR”, Society for Space Travel). This was the first group of men (with the sole exception of Robert Goddard) to experiment with rockets. Ley intro 1987 — Sir Peter B. Medawar — Sir Peter Brian Medawar was an English immunologist and author who shared, with Sir Frank Burnet, the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, which enabled organ and tissue 1865 — Sir Berkeley Moynihan — Berkeley George Andrew Moynihan, 1st Baron Moynihan (of Leeds), was a British surgeon and teacher of medicine who was a noted authority on abdominal surgery. About research, he wrote in Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics (1920), "A 1926 — Michio Suzuki — Michio Suzuki was a Japanese mathematician who studied group theory and discovered the groups named after him. 1912 — Frank Malina — Frank Malina, American engineer and painter (died 1981) — Frank Joseph Malina was an American aeronautical engineer and painter, known for his pioneering work in early rocketry. 1914 — Jack Parsons — Jack Parsons, American chemist, occultist, and engineer (died 1952) — John Whiteside Parsons was an American rocket engineer, chemist, and Thelemite occultist. Parsons was one of the principal founders of both the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1991 — Soyuz TM-13 — Soyuz TM-13 (Space mission of Sojuz program). Launched on 1991-10-02. — Soyuz TM-13 was the 13th expedition to the Mir space station. Launched from the Soviet Union in October 1991 and lasting until March 1992, the mission included cosmonaut 1933 — Sir John B. Gurdon — Sir John B. Gurdon received the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent". John Gurdon, English biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2025 1921 — Albert Scott Crossfield — Albert Scott Crossfield, American pilot and engineer (died 2006) — Albert Scott Crossfield was an American naval officer and test pilot. In 1953, he became the first pilot to fly at twice the speed of sound. Crossfield was the fi 1852 — Sir William Ramsay — Scottish chemist who discovered who discovered neon, krypton and xenon and co-discovered argon, radon, calcium and barium. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904, “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the in 1832 — Julius von Sachs — (Ferdinand Gustav) Julius von Sachs was a German botanist studying plant physiology, nutrition, and tropism (response to environmental stimuli). He discovered transpiration: that the absorbed water moves in tubes in the plant walls with 1878 — Conrad Schlumberger — German geophysicist and petroleum engineer noted for the invention, in 1927, of a method of continuous electric logging of boreholes. Beginning in 1912, Conrad Schlumberger conceived the idea for electrical measurements to map subsur 1966 — Richard E(dwin) Shope — American animal pathologist and virologist who was first to isolate an influenza virus, first to vaccinate animals against influenza, and first to identify (1928) the causative agent as a virus in the 1918-19 Spanish influenza pand 1958 — Marie Stopes — Scottish scientist, educator and birth control advocate. She was awarded a doctorate at Munich, Germany, for her work on fossilised plants (1902). As a young girl she said she would spend the first 20 years of her life in science, the secon 1883 — Karl Terzaghi — Karl (Anton von) Terzaghi was an Austrian-American civil engineer who founded the branch of civil engineering science known as soil mechanics, a term he coined for the study of the properties of soil under stresses and under the action of 1907 — Lord Alexander R. Todd — Baron Alexander R(obertus) Todd (of Trumpington) was a British biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the 1957 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Nucleotid 1886 — Robert Julius Trumpler — Swiss-American astronomer who moved to the US in 1915 and worked at the Lick Observatory. In 1922, by observing a solar eclipse, he was able to confirm Einstein's theory of relativity. He made extensive studies of galactic star cl 1832 — Sir Edward Burnett Tylor — English anthropologist regarded as the founder of cultural anthropology. After travelling in the U.S. (1855-56) he proceeded to Cuba (1856), where he met Henry Christy the ethnologist. Together they visited Mexico, where Christy 1846 — Benjamin Waterhouse — American physician who pioneered smallpox vaccination and fostered an aggressive campaign to inoculate Americans against smallpox. He studied the researches of English physician Edward Jenner and followed with his own experiments. On ۱۶۰۸ — تلسکوپی که راهی آسمان شد ۱۹۱۷ — کشف بخش‌های پنهان سلول ۱۸۳۶ — چارلز داروین از سفر کشتی بیگل بازگشت؛ انتشار «خاستگاه گونه‌ها» هنوز ۲۳ سال فاصله داشت. ۱۸۸۶ — زادروز رابرت جولیوس ترامپلر (Robert Julius Trumpler) است؛ اخترشناسی که نشان داد غبار میان‌ستاره‌ای نور خوشه‌های دوردست … ۱۹۰۱ — درست در صدوبیست‌وپنجمین سالگرد زادروز چارلز استارک دراپر (Charles Stark Draper)، از پیشگام سامانه‌های هدایت اینرسی یاد … ۱۹۲۷ — سوانت آرنیوس (Svante Arrhenius)، کاشف جدایی الکترولیت‌ها به یون‌ها در محلول، در چنین روزی درگذشت. ۱۹۸۷ — درگذشت پیتر مداوار (Peter Medawar) است؛ پژوهشگری که کشف تحمل ایمنیِ اکتسابی‌اش به پیوند بافت و اندام کمک کرد.
نجوم و فضافیزیک و شیمیزیست و پزشکیریاضی و فناوریمنبع‌ها

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